Colonoscopy is a specialized type of endoscopy that focuses on examining the colon and rectum. It is primarily used to screen for colorectal cancer, investigate chronic diarrhea or constipation, and detect conditions like polyps or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). During the procedure, a long, flexible tube equipped with a camera (colonoscope) is inserted through the rectum to view the colon. Polyps or abnormal tissue can be removed during the procedure for further analysis.

Patients are usually given a sedative to ensure comfort during a colonoscopy. A bowel preparation involving laxatives is required before the procedure to clear the colon for optimal visibility. While it is generally safe, there are minor risks like bleeding or bowel perforation, but these are rare. Post-procedure, patients can usually return to regular activities after the effects of sedation wear off.